International Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Journal

Stress: The Forgotten Gravitational Force

John A. T. Bye *

School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

---

Abstract

The fundamental physical concept of shear stress, which governs fluid dynamics, is applied to the classical gravitational results of Newton and of Einstein, and leads naturally to an understanding of the origin of light in the Universe, through the existence of black holes. In this paper, we show how this occurs through an adjunct force of gravity normal to the Newtonian force of gravity, in which the turbulent fluctuations in velocity attain the velocity of light in a ring surrounding the black hole.   The existence of this turbulent shear stress has previously been neglected. 

Keywords: Gravitation, black hole physics, cosmology, turbulence, methods, analytical, gravitational waves

---

---

---

References

Jones ISF, Toba Y. Wind stress over the ocean. 2nd Edition. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. 2008;307.

Bye JAT The adjunct force of gravity. Intl. Astron. and Astrophys. Res. 2021;3(1):1– 7.

Schlichting, H. Boundary Layer Theory. 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York. 1960;647.

Meyer R, Christensen N. Gravitational waves: A statistical autopsy of a black hole merger. Significance. 2016;13(2): 20–25. DOI:10.1111/j6740 – 9713, 2016.00896.x

Pond S, Pickard GL. Introductory Dynamical Oceanography. 2nd Edition. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1983;329.

The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration: First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results, V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring. Astr. J. Letters. 2019; 875:L5(31).

Baumert HZ. Primitive turbulence: kinetics, Prandtl’s mixing length, and von Karman’s constant. 2009;arXiv: 0907.0223v2.